Bear with me k? i know practically no one sees this anymore..unfortunately..but if you are reading then good for u? LOL! actually i just need to type them all out. no one read also nevr mind, but i apologise for wasting space here ah!

Chapter 1-Kinetic Particle theory!

Basically, the kinetic theory of particle states 3 things:
1. ALL MATTR is made up of tiny particles that are too small to be seen directly
2. That are in constant random motion
3. and there are spaces between the particles

It can be used to:
-describe the states of matter
-explain the changes in the properties of solids, liquids and gases
-explain the changes of state
We will be going into each of them more detailed later on

First up, describe the states of matter. There are 3 main things--fixed shape? fixed volume? and flowing. fixed shape or not has to do with the arrangemetn and movement of particles. Fixed volume has to do with the SPACE between particles, and flowing or not depends on the MOVEMENT of the particles.

SOLID

1. Fixed shape
because...the particles are arranged in a fixed arrangement and can only vibrate about their fied positions

2. Fixed volume (not easily compressible)
because...little free space between particles (due to the very strong force of attraction between them)

3. Cannot flow
becasue...particles cannot move or slide past one another

LIQUID

1. not fixed shape (assumes the shape of it's container)
because: particles can move/slide past one anotehr

2. fixed volume (not easily compressible)
because: little free space between particles (there is a strong force of attraction between liquid particles, but less than that of a solid)

3. Can flow easily
because: particles can move/slide past one another

GAS

1. no fixed shape (assumes the shape and volume of container it is in. basically fill up the whole container!)
because: particles can move past one another

2. no fixed volume
because: negligible force of attraction between the particles, alot of space between them

3. flows easily
because: particles can move past one another

So basically, solid is like us! bonded! haha.. so we dont' break apart easily. unlike gas, we don't have so much free space in between!

ok next important thing, explaining change of state!

HEATING!

When an object is heated, kinetic energy is supplied to them

particles start to vibrate(solid)/move (liquid and gas) more vigourously/quickly.

When the temperature is high enough, particles will move/vibrate quickly and vigourously enough to : (solid--overcome the attractive forces holding them in fixed positions, liquid--ovecme the attractive forces holding them together)

the particles then no longer in their fixed positions/spread far and move rapidly in all directions

the substance has became a gas/liquid

COOLING!

1. As an object is cooled, the particles began to lose kinetic energy and will move slower
2. When the temperature is low enough, particles no longer have enough energy to move about freely (liquid)/ move rapidly in all directions
3. and start settling into fixed positions as forces of attraction develop between them
4. particles will start to vibrate about their fixed positions/ slide past one another
5. the substance has become a liqui/solid

Next important thing: difference between evaporaton and boiling
1. boiling occurs only at boilign point, but evaporation occurs at temperatures below boiling point
2. boiling occurs throughout the liquid, E occurs only on the surface of the liquid3. b occurs rapidly, e occur slowly

Sublimation
-the process by which solids change directly into a gas without going through the liquid stage
-e.g. iodine, dry ice, naphthalene salts, ammonium salts

DIFFUSION!
-The movemnt of particles from a region of higher concentration to a region of lower concentration
-happens because particles are moving constantly and randomly, particle x will diffuse into the spaces between particle y while particles of y will diffuse into the spaces between particle x. The particles will move until a homogenous mixture is attained.

Factors that affect rate of diffusion
1. molecular mass of the particles
---greater the mass, slower the diffusion ( you know, like light people tend to run very fast?)
2. temperature of particles
---higher temperature, more kinetic energy, move faster, highr rate of diffusion

Diffusion experiment to show how moleclar mass affect rate of diffusion (refer to tb pg 17)
ok that should be the end of chapter 1..i hope..this is taking so much time!! omg!!ahh take it that i have not enough self discipline..happy muggin! sorry for not finishing it up!

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