YOYOYO dancers!
this is regarding what i said earlier on, abt the pics. please pass me LATEST BY wednesday
ok thats all! haha, have a good day:)
Labels: JIAWEI:D
one heart, one mind,one dance
Monday, May 18, 2009
this is regarding what i said earlier on, abt the pics. please pass me LATEST BY wednesday
ok thats all! haha, have a good day:)
one heart, one mind,one dance
Sunday, April 26, 2009
erm..please take note, everything come from textbook..
GEOGRAPHY NOTES-- TOURISM:) FULL AND UPDATED VERSION!
Geography chapter 6 the tourism industry
Some definitions:
A tourist is anyone who travels to and stays in a place outside his or her usual environment for not more than a year, regardless of travel purpose.
tourist destination area- place a tourist travel to
tourist generating area-place a tourist come from
tourism- activities of tourists and the industry that cater to their needs:)
Domestic tourism- In a country with large landmass (e.g. China), residents may travel withink their own country, still experience something diff from what they are used to. its cheaper too!
International tourism- movement of tourists from their own country to anohter country
Purpose of tourism! basically 5 big groups
1) natural attractions
type 1- natural featuresthat offer scenic views
-mountains, beaches, rivers, forests ect
e.g.
OH PAUSE!!! OMG ITS RAINING!!! WHOPEEEE!!!!:D:D:D
ok continue, e.g. At Victoria falls, tourists can enjoy a breathtaking view of a waterfall flowing into a gorge
type 2- climatic differences that offer new experiences. basically diff and nice weather:)
-tropical islands for sunny weather, snow capped mountains for skiing
e.g. Many ppl go Bali Indonesia for sunny weather and water sports like surfing!
2) Cultural historical attractions
type 1- architecture which reflects people's way of life and history
-places of worship, monuments, buildings with local architecture
e.g The Vaitcan city inEurope recieves many visitors interested to know more about Catholicism, Roman architecture and history
type 2- Cultural expressions through various means
-arts and crafts, music, dance:), folklore, cuisine, festivals
e.g. in Thailand, visitors may be entertained with a traditional Thai dance
3) human made attractions- human made features which may be historical or modern
-city landscapes, museums, theme parks
e.g. impressive buildings which frame the Victoria harbour form the beautiful Hong Kong city skyline
4) Event attractions-activities and events organised by poeple
-parades, carnivals, sales, meetingsand conventions
e.g. Beijing olympics!
5) niche tourism- appeal to specific groups of people seeking a particular experience
- sports orientated, educational, medical
e.g. Singapore has excellent healthcare system and is known to have pioneered srgeries in some specialised fields, people in need of complex may come to singapore and take a vacation at the same time
Reasons for changes in tourism
1) Improvements in transport
-enable people to travel from one place to another easily and cheaply
2) Improvements in IT
-made information about tourist destinations easily available to people, hlep themwiden choice of destinations--advertisements
3) mounting concern people have for ecology and the environment, ecotourism gain importance
4) rise in multicultural societies
5) people's quest for experiences in which educational and entertainment needs are met
Reasons for growth of tourism
Demand factors- factors that affect the demand for goods and services provides by tourism industry
1) Disposable income
-the amount of money left after taxes
-influenced by economic conditions of country
-economic conditions, generally improving, people have more disposable income, more money to spend on luxurious leisure activities, like tourism
-BUT, reductions in disposable incomemeans that people are less likely to travel, as money is spent on basic neccessities like food, not luxuries like tourism
2) Leisure time
-people have more leisure time, as more paid vacation in most countries, encourage people to take longer breaks and travel
-e.g. singapore, all govt ministries adopted the 5 day work week since 2004, take weekend trips to countires
3)Changing lifestlyes
-too fast paced and stressed modern lifestyle, need to travel to RELAX
-people are more educated and well informed, interested to see places they learn about from books
-ancestry tourism, help tourists trace their ancestry, visit birth place of ancestors and get to know distant relatives
-volunteer tourism, spend vacaion doing volunteer work, like building houses for the poor, orgnised by charity organisations like habitat for teh humanity help
Supply factors- factors that affect the willingness and ability of business to provide goods or services to satisfy a demand for tourists
1) Amenities
Attractions
-encourage travel, attract tourists
Facilities
- wide range of facilities to chooe from, like accomodations, e.g in singpaore, can find accomodation from $49 to $1000!! quality also depends on price
-shopping malls, provide shopping experiencethat is attractive to tourists
2) Accessibility
-the ease at which tourists cna reach the attractions
-the more accessible, the more attractive
-well developed transport network, arrive at destination in the shortest time possible
-e.g. singapore has established itself as a transportation hub, goodtransport network comprising of land, sea and air routes, MRT and large fleet of buses makes it easy to travel around the country.
-singapore changi airport serves 80 airlines, 180 countires, can accomodate the airbus A380, make singapore very accessible
3) affordability ( now this is what singpaore lacks in)
-air travel has become cheaper, with entry of low cost carriers
4) subsidiary services
- include marketing agents, coordinations among diff tour agencies, tourism board to coordinate efforts and promote tourism
-eg singpaore visitors centre, conveniently located in orchard road
5) quality service
-refers to assistance and support provided to customer, leave a favourable impression on tourists, prompt tourists to make return visits and recommend the country to their friends
-Go-the-Extra-Mile-for-Service (GEMS) is formed by the service quality division of singapore tourist board, to improve service levels in singapore
Other reasons
1) prevalance of media
-radio, television, internet, magazines etc
-attractive advertising allows a country to be promoted as a favoured tourist destination
-availablility of information let tourists plan their holidays more easily, knowing the local weater, cuisine and places of interests
2)ease of making travel bookings
-phone bookings
-faz bookings, internet
3) meetings and conventions
-with increased globalisation people travel MICE (meetings, incentives, ocnventions, exhibitions)
-e.g International monetary fund meting, world bank convention, host delegates from all over the world
4) reduction of political barriers
-collapse of iron curtain, increase tourism in Eastern europe
Geog chapter 7 - Impacts on tourism
ECONOMICAL IMPACTS!!$$$
Positive+ (economical impacts)
1. contribution to revenue
-when tourists visit a country, they spend on food, accomodation, entertainment, sightseeing, shopping etc
-allows these industries to make profit
-government of country will earn revenue from the taxes from these industries
-thus, if tourist expenditures increase, more revenue is generated by destination country
e.g. the UNWTO (united nations world tourism organisation) says: international tourist arrivals around the world has reached a record high of 808 million, international tourism earnings around US$715 BILLION!!! OMG!
in singapore, tourism industries generated about S$11 billion in 2005, 5% of country's GDP!
2. developement of infrastructure
-to attract mroe tourists, government will need to further develop country's infrastructure (better roads, railways and other ameneties)
-developements will improve accessibility and make it easier for tourists to move aroudn in the country
-part of the revenue can be used to upgrade places of interest and tourist facilities to attract more tourists
-part of it can also build more schools and hospitals
-will enrich the LIVES OF THE LOCAL PEOPLE!!:D
3. Creation of JOBS!
-tourism industry-> labour intensive, require huge number of workers to provide servce for tourists
-e.g. hotels employ chefs and receptionists, tour agents employ tour guides (clk, your job here..) and bus drivers --> these are jobs directly related to the tourism industry
-can also create other jobs in other industries, primary and secondaryindustries
e.g. hotels buy food from local farmers, increase demand for local products.
-tourist purchase goods andservices that are provided by the destination country, so growth of tourists result in more jobs being created
4. Contribution to local economies
-tourists spend on goods and services when they visit a city
e.g. tourists who go to Cairo, Egypt to visit the pyramids create demand for local tour guides or transport services, generate 52% of country's GDP
-cause the multiplier effect where the tourist's money circulate through the country's economy and promotes developement, as the tourist's money will go providing an income for some ofthe local people, and improve hteir standard of living, which in turn benefit other people who provide them wth goods and services and so on
5. diversification of local economies
-as tourism indstry grows, it encourages the growth of supporting industries which creates an economy with a variety of industries and businesses.
-tourism industry diverifies the economy of hte country and helps to reduce overdependance on particular types of industries
e.g. tourism benefited 300 rural families who traditionally make a living out of farming and animal HUSBANDRY??, by providing food and hospitality services, they earn 2000 yuan more each year than those who do not.
6. Increase in foreign investment
-tourism industry attracts foreign investments
-foreign investors may set up new hotel businesses, which further enhances the host country's attractiveness to foreign investors
-unregulate growth however can result in loss of developement opportunities
Negative- (economical impacts)
1. Loss of income and developement opportunities
-although growth of tourism generates wealth for the destination country, not all the money spendby tourists goes into the country's economy.
-some tour companies and hotels may be owned by FOREIGN companies, thus much of the profits earned GO BACK TO THE FOREIGN OWNERS INSTEAD OF LOCA WORKERS!
-this is tourism leakage
-ALSO, growth of tourism industry can create jobs, but NOT ALL jobs go to locals!
-foreigners with better qualification or more experienced may be employed over locals:(
-thus, leakage: loss of job opportunities and loss of income for the economy
2. Enclave tourism
- this is when people stay in resorts or take cruise package
-the inclusiveness where the management of resorts creates a CONTROLLED TOURIST ENVIRONMENT
-allow only limited economic benefits to destination countries and local communities
-may widen the cultural and social gaps between tourists and local community
3. high infrastructure cost
-tourism genrate large revenue, but also requires large capital to develop the industry
-many hotels, resorts, supporting infrastructure have to be built
-taxes used to build all these could have been used in other important aspects of the society instead (e.g. education)
-hence tourism may be unsustainable in the long run
4. Unequal developement of industries
-many local people expect to reap more benefits from tourism and move away from primary and secondary industries
-local people in tourism industry may not be well paid if they work as low skilled jobs eg porters/rickshaw drivers
-as a result of emphasis of developing the tourism industry, resources may not be channelled to the primary or secondary indsutries (thus these generate less revenue and create fewer jobs)
-unequal developement of industries, cause overdependance of country's economy on tourism industry
5. INCREASE IN PRICES!$
-influx in tourism may result in competition for local demand or basic good and services
-cause increase in prices of goods and services, which applies to tourists and locals
-however, for the tourists, the increase in cost doesn't matter because they are on HOLIDAy and have higher purchasin power than the locals
6. vulnerability to seasons and unforseen events
-tourism is subject to peak and off peak periods, thus affecting businessess that only cater to tourists
-e.g. penisular malaysia experiences heavy rain and floods due to the northeast monsoon season from october to february every year, beach resorts along east coast will close until the next tourist seasons, cause decrease in income during this period!!
-also vulnerable to events beyond control of country, like disease outbreak (swine flu!)
-take place on global/ regional scale, and directly impact tourist arrivals
-since tourism has far reaching impacts on economy of country, decline of tourism will disrupt the livelihood of those involved in tourism related businnesses
e.g. outbreak of sars affected hong kong and singapore's tourism industry very badly!
-other unforsee events like bali bombing in bali indonesia in 2002 and 2005 cause many potential visitors to avoid the place for fear of another bomb attack
-indian ocean tsunami dec 2004 devastated popular tourist destinations
ok jiayou..gonna finish soon:)
SOCIETY AND CULTURAL IMPACTS
positive+ (society and cultural impacts)
1. Exchange of values
-presence of tourists provide opportunity for interaction between tourists and locals
-promotes better understanding of cultures and social practices
-by learning and exchanging experiences with one another, tourists and locals will enrich their understanding of cultures of other people
-e.g. volunteer tourism in Rio De Janeir for the carnival in February allows visitors to experience culture of carnical
2. preservation of heritage
-as locals interact with the tourists, they may become more aware of their heritage as tourists show interest in teh local culture and history
-over time, locals may preserve customs and practices more actively, increase awareness, and this boost the preservation of cultual and historical traditions
-they also help boost preservation of cultural and historical sites (museums etc)
e.g. the area around arab street and sultan mosque was once home to the sultan of singapore, sites like these have been restored
e.g. events like Thaipusam, a hindu festival are still celebrated and customs, traditional practices or beliefs are preserved, like the vel kavadi that is an elaborately decoated portable altar up to 2 metres high!
negative impacts ( society and cultural) -
1. Loss of identity and values
-tourism can cause loss or change of local identity and values when demand for crafts, entertainment or other commodities start to exert influence on locals
-they might discard traditional activities for tourism related ones to make a living
e.g. some masaai may try to make a living by selling beads and crafts, dancing and performing for tourists although this is deemed improper and may cause friction within the tribe!
2. Conflict of resource use
-growing demand for tourism facilities may result in competition for resources like water and electricity between toursts and locals
-tourists attractions like water parks threaten water resources
-tourists and tourism facilities in spain use up to 850 litres of water per person a day!
-may result in local communities having to pay higher taxes to increase water supply
3. Economic inequality
-higher paying jobs in the tourism industry goes to foreigners while lower paying jobs owned by locals might cause conflict!
-toursits and local people might also have large gap in wealth status
-this might cause friction
4. clash of values
-tourists tend to bring with them their own behvioural norms and culture to destination countries
-they might exhibit behavior deemed inappropriate by locals
-some countries, poeple might frown upon scantily clad tourists, alcohol consumption and inappropriate dressing
5. Crime generation
-tourists may be attracted to availability of drugs in certain countries, drug trade might flourish!!!!)
- De Wallen in Amsterdam,Netherlands, Patpong in Bangkok etc are notorious for their... red light districts!!! (became TOURIST ATTRACTIONS!o_0)
-legalisation of casinos in some countries like macau and monaco (and singapore!) to attract tourists may adversely influecne the locals, the young esp mihgt get addicted!
-since tourists are rich, might increase the thefts going on
ENVIRONMENTAL!:)
positive impacts- conservation of natural areas
- natural environmentslike beaches, forests, mountains are potentially valuable tourists detination, thus encouraging conservation of these areas
e.g. the malasian govt has set up pulau payar marine park in kedah and the pulau redang marine park in terengganu to attract tourists keen on snorkellyng and diving, tourists are taught to abide by rules imposed to protect coral reef ecosystem
-by protecting the natural envt, destruction of habitats of plants and animals are kept to minimum
-e.g. serengeti national park in Tanzania has been experiencing conflict b/w wildlife and people who live close to protected areas
-admission fees charged to tourists contribute to creating in peopel an awareness of the value of the natural resourcesand wildlife.
negative impacts - Environmental degradation
- not all visitors to natural areas are ecologically conscious or aware of how their actions affect the environment
-they leave behind litter
e.g. some mountain trails, like those in andes in peru, have been nicknamed 'toilet paper trails' because VISITORS POLLUTE THEM!!
e.g. everest base camp has become a dumping ground for tents, food wastes and oxygen tanks
-LITTER MARS THE BEAUTY OF THE ENVIRONMENT, AND CAUSES PEST INFESTATION AND POLLUTION THAT HARMS PEOPLE AND WILDLIFE!
-vehicles and aircrafts also cause air pollution and noise pollution
-60% of air travel is for tourism (hmm.. what about the other 40% ahh??) aeroplanes contribute much carbon dioxide and nitrogen oxide to ozone layer! this adds to greenhouse effect and worsen GLOBAL WARMING!
-tourist resorts that lack sewage treatment facilities often suffer from wter pollution cause by improper sewage disposal
-when no. of tourists exceed carrying capacity of the area, quality of environment will deteriorate
-e.g. in the Alps in europe, when erecting steel pylons, overhead cables, lifts and tows for the ski facilities, trees were removed, mountin slopes reshaped, increase likelihood for avalaunches!
CHAPTER 8-MANAGING THE IMPACTS OF TOURISM:)
Fragile environments
-natural environments easily and often irreversibly damaged by human action and mismanagement, such as coasts, forests and mountains
-very vulnerable to mass tourism
-damaged fragile environments put off tourists, tourists seekfor better undamaged natural environments, and if this pattern continues, MANY NATURAL ENVIRONEMENTS CAN BE IRREVERSIBLY DAMAGED!
Social cultural impacts
-socio-cultural problems in tourists destination can cause communities protective of their traditional values to develop resentment towards tourists
-when tourists feel that a destination no longer offers authentic cultural experiences, or face hostility from loal communities, they may stop visiting the area eventually--affect livelihood of those dependant on tourist arrivals
therefore, we need.......
SUSTAINABLE TOURISM!
where efforts are taken to maximise positive impacts and minimise negative impacts
principles for the sustainable developement of tourism
1. Make optimal use of environmental resources
-conserving the natural heritage and biodiversity of the tourist destinations
2. Respect hte socio-cultural authenticity of host communities
-conserving the cultural heritage and traditional values of hte local peolle
-contribution to inter-cultural understanding and tolerance
3. Provide economic benefits to all stakeholders
-Distributig economic gains among all stakeholders fairly
-ensuring stable employment and income earning opportunities
-contributing to poverty alleviation
Who should be responsible for conserving and protecting tourist area??
1. Planning authorities
2. Businesses
3. Tourists
4. Non government oranisations
Approaches to sustainable tourism
1. ecotourism
2. community based tourism
hahaaha i'm so sorry..lazy to type out everything! too much already!! all in tb..go read urself:D
-
one heart, one mind,one dance
Wednesday, March 4, 2009
PHYSICS:)
CHAPTER 1--MEASUREMENTS:)
physical quantities (scalar) (e.g. cm, m, kg, degrees, all the normal units)
- numerical magnitude (number)
- unit
physical quantities (vector) (e.g. acceleration, displacement, velocity)
-numerical magnitude
-unit
-DIRECTION
Base quantities (SI units)
There are 7 like the colours of a rainbow:)
-Length (m)
-Time (s)
-Mass (kg!)
-electric current (A)
-Thermodynamic temperature (K)
-Luminous intensity (cd)--cd, like the cd u know?
-Amount of substance (mol)--mole (on your face!)
Derived quantities
-quantities derived from the base quantities? (e.g. area, volume, speed)
Prefixes
10 to the power of:
-9=nano (n)
-6=micro (the wierd m sign)
-3=milli (m)
-2=centi (c)
-1=deci (d)
3=kilo
6=Mega
9=Giga
MEASUREMENTS OF LENGTH!
-SI unit is the metre (i always thought it was meter..) symbol is m.
-some common instruments: metre rule, tape measure, vernier calipers etc
some common errors:
1. instrument error
--using an instrument with unsuitable accuracy! (e.g. using metre rule to measure thickness of paper
2. Random error
--occurs in all measurements, tehre is no fixed patterns (too random! how to predict?)
--minimise by taking a large number of readings, then averaging them (before hand, discard any ridiculous readings!)
3. Systemic error
--e.g. zero error.
--due to faulty equipments/wind
--the readings are consistently lower or higher
metre rule and tape measure
-accuracy of 0.1cm/1mm
Some precautions to take
1. Avoid parallax error (position your eye above at the same level as the markings, place the instrument at the same level too!)
2. due to wear and tear of the ends, it's better to measure from another random point along the ruler and then subtract it from final reading
Calipers
-grip the widest part of the object, then measure with metre rule
VERNIER CALIPERS!!:)
parts: main scale, sliding vernier scale, inside jaws, outside jaws, tail
precision: 0.1mm/0.01 cm
Some precautions to take when usign vernier calipers:
1. check for zero error before using and subtract it off from final reading. Take note! negative zero error is count from right to left! (10 is 0, 9 is 1 etc)
2. objects to be measured msut be gripped gently between the jaws
NEXT IS MY FAVOURITE! MICROMETER SCREW GAUGE!:)
-accuracy is 0.01mm/0.001cm
-parts: anvil, spindle (the stick like thing), main scale, thimble scale, thimble, ratchet
some precautions to take note of:
1.When spindle and anvil is closed, check for zero error. Add or subtract the error from reading to get the actual reading.
2.Do not overscrew. This can be done by turning using the ratchet until a clicking sound is heard. (but don't turn the thimble all the way first! turn until left abit then turn ratchet the rest of the way)
3.Take measurements at different locations and find the average reading.
–E.g take 3 diameter readings along entire length of thin wire, then find the average.
–There can be manufacturing errors
ok next, time!(: something that we never seem to have enough eh?
First up, you must know that to measure time, you need ot make use of something with recurrent motions at specific intervals (e.g. sun setting and rising, pendulum!)
Pendulum
-one full swing from left to right and back to right is called an oscillation. treat it like a runner going around a track. must run and come all hte way back then is one round!
-period is the time taken for an oscillation
the period is INDEPENDANT OF (not affected by):
-angle of swing (provided it's 5-10 degrees)
-mass of pendulum bob
The period is affected by:
-length of pendulum
-acceleration due to gravity
Just remember, if angle of swing higher, it won't make a difference becasue although it will mvoe faster, it has to travel longer distance. the mass don't make a difference when it's fast it will go faster, but when it's slow it will take longer to slow down too. length of pendulum is indirectly like telling the pendulum to travel a longer distance! acceleration due to gravity is basically 10ms-2 without air resistance, and will be same as long as it is in earth.
•Precautions for oscillations:
–Ensure that the angle of swing is small (5-10 degrees)
–Ensure the swing is steady before starting to time (let it swing a few times first)
–Ensure that the path of the bob is straight and not elliptical (elliptical will cause it to travel in circles! imagine you running in wierd circles in a race!)
Ticker tape timer
-basically, it will hit at regular intervals
-if the number of times it hits per second is x, each interval is 1/x seconds
-when intervals get bigger, means object is accelrating, smaller means object is decelerating.
Stopwatch
1) Analogue : accuracy up to 0.1 s
2) Digital: accuracy up to 0.01 s
–Average human reaction time: » 0.2 to 0.3s
– *** To account for human reaction time, recordings with a digital stopwatch can be corrected to one decimal place
and that's the end of chapet 1!:D next up, KINEMATICS!
SOME DEFINATIONS
Displacement the distance measured along a straight line in a stated direction
Speed is the distance travelled per unit time
Instantaneous speed is the speed of an object at any instant
Velocity is the distance travelled per unit time in a stated
direction
Acceleration is the rate of change of velocity
note: rate of change CAN NEVER GO WITH per unit time. (choose 1 or the other. not both, not none either)
Free fall (with air resistance:))
something important to know first:
WHEN VELOCTY INCREASES, AIR RESISTANCE INCREASES.
means when there's acceleration, air resistance will increase.
ok, so when something is being dropped, at the very moment it is let go of, there is no air resistance acting against it. It will accelerate at 10ms-2. However, as it accelerates, speed increase, air resistance acting against it will also increase. Recall: resultant force is dependant on both the forces, the weight acting downwards and the air resistance acting upwards. when there is acceleration, there is a resutant force. no acceleration, resultant force=0) so, as the air resistant increase, the resultant force will decrease becasue the force pulling it upwards is increasing. As the resultant force decrease, acceleration will decrease too. (F=ma, F increase, m remain constant, a will increase). So, the air resistant will keep on increasing, acceleration keep decreasing (but take note, there is still increase of speed, just decreasing increase in speed) UNTIL a point when acceleration drop to ZERO. when acceleration is 0, F=ma, F=m(0) At this point, air resistance also stop increasing, as it has balanced out the mass of the object which is acting downwards. all objects in motion continues remaining in motion unless another force act on it, so the object will just keep moving at that same constant speed. this point of time, hte object has TERMINAL VELOCITY becasue it's the highest velocity it can go up to already, until if the person opens a parachute. when a parachute is opened, the big surface area of the parachute will cause the air resistance to suddenly increase alot, causing the resultant force to act upwards. BUT, the object will not move up-common sense- because it was moving downwards at a constant speed. the upwards acting resultant force just causes the object to decelerate, becasue let's say, we assign downwards as positive, upwards as negative. when resultant force is upwards, it's negative right? so F=ma, F is negtive, acceleration is negative, means there is decelaration. as the object decelerates, air resistance decreases, until the forces are balanced again, and the object will have terminal velocity again, just a much lower one.
ok i think all of that was just a totally huge mess, but dun worry, i saw an animation that sure makes it better!! http://www.darvill.clara.net/enforcemot/para1.htm
Labels: JIAWEI:D
one heart, one mind,one dance
Monday, March 2, 2009
chemistry testing for gases.
haha i realised all the font size too small to see properly...anyway, here is a quick revision of testing for gases
Nitrogen
colourless and odourless
confirmatory test: insert LIGHTED splint, extinguishes with a pop sound
Oxygen
colourless and odourless
confirmatory test: insert GLOWING splint, the flame rekindles:)
Carbon dioxide
colourless and odourless
confirmatory test: Bubble the gas into limewater (calcium hydroxide) and white ppt will form (Calcium carbonate)
note: it turns blue litmus paper slightly red
Sulfur Dioxide
colourless, has CHARACTERISTIC BURNING SMELL OF SULPHUR
Turns blue litmus red
Confirmatory test:
-turns purple acidified potassium manganate (KMnO4) decolourised
-turns orange acidified potassium dichromate (K2Cr2O7) orange to green
H20 vapour (water vapour)
colourless, odourless
confirmatory test: test with cobalt (II) chloride paper, turns blue to PINK!
note: anhydrous cobalt (II) chloride is also used as a drying agent!:)
Chlorine
pale greenish yellow, choking smell
confirmatory test: turns blue litmus paper red, then bleached
Ammonia
colourless, pungent
confirmatory test: turns RED litmus blue
ok so basically, the neutral gases are:
-oxygen
-hydrogen
-water vapour
They are NEUTRAL TO MOIST LITMUS PAPER
Acidic gases (turn blue litmus paper RED)
-Carbon dioxide --> confirmed via limewater test
-Sulfur dioxide --> test with acidified potassium manganate/dichromate
-Chlorine --> it will turn litmus paper bleached
Alkaline gas---> ONLY ONE! SPECIAL! UNIQUE! AND SMELLY!!!!!!
it is the one and only......AMMONIA!!!:D
Collection of GASES
ok, basically, just remember, how you collect a gas depends on 2 factors--it's solubility in water, and density compared with air.
based on the table in the textbook, gases that are NOT soluble in water are:
1. Hydrogen
2. Oxygen (although slightly)
3. Carbon dioxide (slightly too)
4. Nitrogen
The rest are soluble:)
thus, these 4 gases usually use the displacement of water method
Gases that are less dense than air
1. Hydrogen
2. Ammonia
The rest are mostly denser
so, these usually use Upward delivery/ downward displacement of air
Drying of gases
Here are some drying agents:
1. concentrated sulphuric acid (H2SO4)
2. Calcium Oxide (CuO, also known as quicklime)
3. Fused Calcium chloride
4. anhydrous cobalt (II) chloride
5. Anhydrous copper (II) sulfate
Take note, don't use concentrated sulphuric acid to dry ammonia!
k that's about it, good luck for all the common tests:) and remember to smile! it helps(:
smiling song (to the tune of if you're happy and you knwo it)
If you're sad and you know it give a smile (flash a BIG smile)
If you're angry and you know it give a smile (flash a gigantic smile!)
If you're really dissapointed and you don't want to show it,
If you're really dissapointed give a smile:) (flash a HUMONGOUS smile!)
well, hope that took off some stress...
Labels: JIAWEI:D
one heart, one mind,one dance
Thursday, February 26, 2009
Chem notes! here goes...let's see how i try making confusng things clearer in my head.
ok i shall start with the most confusing part. QUALITATIVE ANALYSIS.
Firstly, have to get someting clear in your heads. In the case of cations and anion, most of the compounds that are tested hve 2 sides to it, metal and non metal. metals will form Cations. non metals form anions.
cations with a charge of +
All grp 1 ions
1. Sodium
2. potassium
3. lithium
4. hydrogen
5. silver
6. Ammonium (NH4+)
7. copper(I)
Basically, group 1 ions will have a charge of positive 1.Grp 2 ions have charge of 2+. Grp 3 METAL ions have charge of 3+ (i have no idea abt Boron. anyone ha any idea?) Transition metals have a charge of whatever is in the bracket beside them. For example, an ion called jiawei (VII) will have a charge of 7+.
Anions
charge of 1-:
-all halogens (grp VII)
-hydroxide (OH)
-nitrite (NO2)
-Manganate (VII) MnO4
-Nitrate (NO3)
charge of 2-:
-group VI non metals
-Carbonate (CO3)
-sufate (SO4)
-sulfide (SO3)
-chromate (VI) (CrO4)
-Dichromate (VI) Cr2O7
charge of 3-:
-grp IV ions
-nitride (N) (NOTE, NITRITE AND NITRATE WITH A T HAS OXYGEN)
-phosphate (PO4)
ok now is the part with loads of memorising. IDENTIFYING CATIONS!!
so basically, cations are metal ions right, with positive charge. They ae identified by 2 main things: Sodium hydroxide solution (NaOH) and Ammonia NH3 (aq). Firstly let's deal with sodium hydroxide.
When it is added, no ppt:
K+ and Na+ (surprisingly, these 2 are the most reactive atoms! they have no ppt in ammonia either)
white ppt:
soluble in excess NaOH: (note: these are teh only ppts that are soluble in excess NaOH!)
-Zn2+ (unique point is that in excess aq ammonia, it's white ppt can dissolve)
-Al3+
-Pb2+ (when mixed with iodide with nitric acid and heated, bright yellow ppt forms. On boiling, ppt dissapears, but on cooling under tap water, golden crystals appear)
Blue ppt (insoluble)-Cu2+ (copper (II) ions)
Dirty green ppt (insoluble)- Fe2+ (note: in contact with air, the top layer is oxidised to form Fe3+ look below, thus have reddish brown colour)
Reddish brown ppt (insoluble)-Fe3+
ok so in summary, for cations (metal ions) in sodium hydroxide, all ppts are insoluble except for Zn, Al and Pb. Those cations with a charge of positive 1 usually have no ppt. ppts formed are formed by the cation itself+ hydroxide (OH-), thus by doing the balancing chemcal reaciton thing, cations X of charge y will form the ppt: X(OH)y (s). so it's like, calcium hydroxide, zinc hydroxide etc.
ok now we come to the aq ammonia.
no ppt:
-the same 3: Na, K, NH4
-Ca2+ (prreviously it had white insoluble ppt) (oh and, it does have a slight white ppt in NH3)
white ppt: (these 3 were previously insoluble white ppl in NaOH)
soluble: zn
insoluble: Al and pb
Blue ppt (soluble in excess NH3 to form dark blue solution)- Cu2+
Dirty green ppt (insoluble in excess NH3)- Fe2+ (same as NaOH)
Reddish brown ppt (insoluble in excess NH3 )- Fe3+ (same as NaOH)
summary, only 2 of them are soluble in excess--Cu2+ and Zn2+. ppts are still called something hydroxide.
thus, when testing for cations, these are some of the unique points to differentiate between cations.
NH4- almost the same as K and Na, just that in NaOH, when warmed, ammonia gas is evolved
Zn-white ppt insoluble in excess Ammonia (special!)
Pb- when added to a mixture of iodide and nitric acid, bright yellow ppt forms. ppt dissolved upon heating, and reappear as yellow crystals upon cooling)
ok that's all for cations! now it's time for anions!
ANIONS. hmm...i'm now trying to figure out what it's all about...ooohhh...only have about 5-6...
First up, CARBONATE:) CO3 2-
this one is quite easy. Just add acid and test for carbon dioxide (limewater test).
Second, we have...CHLORIDE!
not that complicated either. basically, add silver nitrate (aq) to the chloride solution. WHITE ppt (silver chloride) is formed. the ppt is insoluble in acid, but dissolves in aqueous ammonia to form colourless solution.
Third, Sulphate! (So4 2-)
add barium nitrate or chloride solution to sulfate solution. add acid. white ppt is formed (barium sulphate). ppt is insoluble in excess acid.
4:: IODINE!
hmm ok this one, it's brought up just now in the cations part if you noticed. there are 2 ways. the most common one is to add aq lead nitrate to it, there will be bright yellow ppt which is lead iodide. it will dissolve when heated, but reappear as golden crystals when cooled! (nice:)) second method is to use silver nitrate. Add silver nitrate to it, and there will be pale yellow ppt. (silver iodide) it is insoluble in acid and ammonia.
5. last one! nitrate!
ahh this is easy! just don't get comfused with ammonium ion, whihc is a cation. this is nitrate, anion!! NO3 -. The procedures are same for testing for ammonium ion (NH4) jus that after step 1, adding NaOH, add DEVARDA's ALLOY (Al andZinc), or Aluminium. warm the mixture, and ammonia will be released. for ammonium ion, htere is NO metal to be added!
ok so in conclusion, i have one final conclusion to end this post. memorise. it's the only way, unfortunately...but wait! don't be sad! smile!:D yep that's right. If things are already the way it is, ther'es no point being sad over it right? smile! smiling is good for you! it makes you feel happy, energetic, youthful! and seriously, whenever you really feel very sad or angry or pissed, just put on a fake smile, and things will kind of clear, like, suddenly you won't be so angry anymore!!:D ok so yea, spread the smile, make the earth a happier place!:)
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one heart, one mind,one dance
Thursday, February 19, 2009
Bear with me k? i know practically no one sees this anymore..unfortunately..but if you are reading then good for u? LOL! actually i just need to type them all out. no one read also nevr mind, but i apologise for wasting space here ah!
Chapter 1-Kinetic Particle theory!
Basically, the kinetic theory of particle states 3 things:
1. ALL MATTR is made up of tiny particles that are too small to be seen directly
2. That are in constant random motion
3. and there are spaces between the particles
It can be used to:
-describe the states of matter
-explain the changes in the properties of solids, liquids and gases
-explain the changes of state
We will be going into each of them more detailed later on
First up, describe the states of matter. There are 3 main things--fixed shape? fixed volume? and flowing. fixed shape or not has to do with the arrangemetn and movement of particles. Fixed volume has to do with the SPACE between particles, and flowing or not depends on the MOVEMENT of the particles.
SOLID
1. Fixed shape
because...the particles are arranged in a fixed arrangement and can only vibrate about their fied positions
2. Fixed volume (not easily compressible)
because...little free space between particles (due to the very strong force of attraction between them)
3. Cannot flow
becasue...particles cannot move or slide past one another
LIQUID
1. not fixed shape (assumes the shape of it's container)
because: particles can move/slide past one anotehr
2. fixed volume (not easily compressible)
because: little free space between particles (there is a strong force of attraction between liquid particles, but less than that of a solid)
3. Can flow easily
because: particles can move/slide past one another
GAS
1. no fixed shape (assumes the shape and volume of container it is in. basically fill up the whole container!)
because: particles can move past one another
2. no fixed volume
because: negligible force of attraction between the particles, alot of space between them
3. flows easily
because: particles can move past one another
So basically, solid is like us! bonded! haha.. so we dont' break apart easily. unlike gas, we don't have so much free space in between!
ok next important thing, explaining change of state!
HEATING!
COOLING!
- As an object is cooled, the particles began to lose kinetic energy and will move slower
- When the temperature is low enough, particles no longer have enough energy to move about freely (liquid)/ move rapidly in all directions
- and start settling into fixed positions as forces of attraction develop between them
- particles will start to vibrate about their fixed positions/ slide past one another
- the substance has become a liqui/solid
Next important thing: difference between evaporaton and boiling
1. boiling occurs only at boilign point, but evaporation occurs at temperatures below boiling point
2. boiling occurs throughout the liquid, E occurs only on the surface of the liquid3. b occurs rapidly, e occur slowly
Sublimation
-the process by which solids change directly into a gas without going through the liquid stage
-e.g. iodine, dry ice, naphthalene salts, ammonium salts
DIFFUSION!
-The movemnt of particles from a region of higher concentration to a region of lower concentration
-happens because particles are moving constantly and randomly, particle x will diffuse into the spaces between particle y while particles of y will diffuse into the spaces between particle x. The particles will move until a homogenous mixture is attained.
Factors that affect rate of diffusion
1. molecular mass of the particles
---greater the mass, slower the diffusion ( you know, like light people tend to run very fast?)
2. temperature of particles
---higher temperature, more kinetic energy, move faster, highr rate of diffusion
Diffusion experiment to show how moleclar mass affect rate of diffusion (refer to tb pg 17)
ok that should be the end of chapter 1..i hope..this is taking so much time!! omg!!ahh take it that i have not enough self discipline..happy muggin! sorry for not finishing it up!
Labels: JIAWEI:D
one heart, one mind,one dance
Thursday, December 25, 2008
MERRY X'MAS!!!
Have a great and happy and interesting christmas everyone:)
enjoy doing homework......and rmb to practice the gun!!
p.s. hehe, dun destroy anything ah...
Labels: JIAWEI:D
one heart, one mind,one dance
Thursday, November 27, 2008
haha i know all of u will miss me!!! wheee...
happy holidays, enjoy homeworking!!! don't ,leave till last minute ah... (telling myself that too..:P)
ok, gtg, miss me:D
Labels: JIAWEI:D
one heart, one mind,one dance
Wednesday, November 26, 2008
i have no idea how to upload pics on blogger easily, so uploaded them on facebook...
http://www.facebook.com/album.php?aid=2006357&id=1524551291&saved#/album.php?aid=2006357&id=1524551291
go see...not alot htough...hehe:P
Labels: JIAWEI:D
one heart, one mind,one dance
Monday, October 6, 2008
SCIENCE NOTES
POSSIBLE QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
CLICK HERE
GOOD LUCK FOR THE REMAINING 2 SUBJECTS!!!!!!
死也要拼出来。
sorry! i just realise that there are some SEVERE mistakes that need to be corrected in the above document...
slide 18, the question right at the bottom--when a resistor is removed..... in the ANSWER, if's supposed to be a "LARGER" current being drawn from the circuit, instead of smaller.
slide 25---1kW is 1000 watts NOT 100 watts.
ok, that's all for now, if you spot any more mistakes, please edit this post and add tehm in!!!
sorry again!!:P
one heart, one mind,one dance
Saturday, September 13, 2008
LITERATURE NOTES
Here's my beautiful lit mindmap...
may have to zoom it coz there's lots of words..
it's about lady macbeth and a typical elizabethan woman:)
enjoy, it took me a long time to do that!
I realise i've been uploading notes like nobody's business..haha...those who have notes please upload them too!!! (eh sorry for spamming so much ah!)
yep well, here's another mindmap for you
it's about Macbeth's soliloquoy in Act 1 Scene 7, you know, when he was debating with himself whether to kill Duncan (credits to Aloycia's notes:)
click to zoom in:)
MORE NOTES!!!
click to download:)
Hello people! Just some points I thought of while revising. Good luck for tomorrow yeah!
IRONIC:
1. In Act 2 Scene 2, Lady Macbeth told Macbeth that ' a little water clears us of the deed', meaning that just by washing the blood off their hands, their guilts could be erased. However, in Act 5 Scene 1, Lady Macbeth continuously repeats the action of washing her hands for at least 'a quarter of an hour'. This contradicts her theory of being able to wash off their guilt, and in actual fact, she is unable to get rid of the guilt inside of her.
2. In Act 1 Scene 7, Lady Macbeth said that she would 'pluck'd my nipple from his boneless gums' and 'dash'd the brains out' if she had promised to. This reveals Lady Macbeth's courage and that she was even willing to kill her own child. However, in Act 2 Scene 2, Lady Macbeth said that 'had he not resembled my father as he slept', she would have 'done't', meaning that she did not dare to kill Duncan because he resembled her father. This contradicts herself as she told Macbeth that she would kill her own child, but yet she was not willing to kill someone that was not her kin, but only resembled her father.
LOVE FOR EACH OTHER [this i'm not sure.]
1. People in love are said to have telepathy. In Act 5 Scene 1, Lady Macbeth exclaimed that 'all the perfume of Arabia would not sweeten this little hand'. This is an almost perfect echo of Macbeth in Act 2 Scene 2.(Macbeth said 'will all great Neptune's wash this blood clean from my hand?') We must remember that Lady Macbeth was not present at the time of Macbeth's soliloquy. This shows that they are truly in love and share similar thoughts.
Stuff I post below this line of words, credits to my brother. However, I don't know which applies so I'll just type out all
ELEMENTS OF FICTION
Character:
- Point-of-view Character: Character whose perspective the audience experiences the story(or scene in our case), represents the POV that the audience will empathize or sympathize with.
E.G. In Act 1 Scene 7 (Macbeth's soliloquy), it is told in Macbeth's POV. His true feelings are revealed and don't you as a reader feel a little sympathetic? After all, he's very 'wei nan', trapped between his heart and his ambition.
Theme:
- Broad idea/message conveyed by text/mostly implied rather than explicitly stated
- Conflict is a very classic theme
' man vs man'/'man vs society'/'man vs nature'/'man vs self'
-Redemption is also a theme
Style:
-How something is written and interpreted
-Literary devices/ Narrator/ POV/ Tone/imagery/diction/symbolism
-Devices manipulated to create a style or mood
-Communicative effect created by author's style called story's voice.
Checkhov's Gun-element introduced early in the story/no significance until the end
Ellipsis-Omitting portion of sequence of events, allow reader to fill narrative gaps
Historical Present-Narrating past events while using the present tense
Flashback/Analopsis-External(out of narrative), Internal(in narrative)
Incluing-World building, clues reader into the world without them knowing.
Allegory-Figurative mode of representation conveying meaning that is not literal.
Apophasis-Mention by not mentioning (-.- right)
There's more but I don't think it applies at all. So yeah.
Oh, unseen may be a diary entry, because Ms Ng rushed to finish explaining. And Irony too. So, good luck!
Love,
Jessica.
kind of last minute, but I hope this helps!!!
Macbeth’s imagination and conscience
Act 1 sc 3
His imagination conjures up such a vivid picture of himself murdering Duncan that he is paralysed by sheer horror , the “horrid image” makes his “seated heart knocked at his ribs” and “doth unfix my hair” and his “function is smothered in surmise”
His conscience acts through his imagination and leads to a struggle between conscience and ambition. His horror at the thought of committing murder comes more from the evil of the act than the act itself because as a warrior, he is used to and unafraid to kill. Ross describes Macbeth as not fearing the “Strange images of death” he made on the battlefield. He is able to kill so fearlessly because his conscience is clear since he is doing it for country and king, but killing the king is doing something against his conscience and that’s why he’s so scared of the “horrible imaginings”
Act 1 sc 5
Macbeth is “too full o’ the milk of human kindness” according to Lady Macbeth to be able to “catch the nearest way”. He has a conscience which Lady Macbeth is afraid will not let him commit regicide. “he wouldst highly that wouldst thou holily”, which means his conscience makes him want to do the right things, which does not include killing a king, but his ambition and moral weakness eventually convinced him to commit the murder.
Act 1 sc 7
He argued with himself that he should not kill Duncan because he is his “kinsmen and his subject”. His conscience works through his imagination to conjure up an image of what the world will be like if he murdered Duncan. He imagined Duncan’s virtues “plead like angels, trumpet tongued”, as well as “pity” crying like a “naked new born babe”. He also imagined that “tears shall drown the wind”. He imagined the world to be literally crying at the death of Duncan and this is a very wild image that could only be thought up by someone with an extremely vivid imagination. It will not be possible though without a conscience, and thus Macbeth can be seen as a man with strong conscience and a vivid imagination.
Act 2 Sc 2
Macbeth has a powerful imagination and conscience. This is shown when his conscience works through his imagination and it filled him with sheer horror at the act he has committed. He imagines that he hears a voice crying out that “Macbeth does murder sleep” and “shall sleep no more”. This is obviously his hallucination and it clearly conveys that he will never have peace of mind again. This also suggests that Macbeth is very guilty due to his act and deeply regrets doing it. Moreover, his horror is so strong that he is unable to look at what he has done and refuses to return Duncan’s room to return the daggers. His sense of guilt is so deep that he feels not even “all great Neptune’s ocean” can wash the blood, symbolizing his guilt, from his hands but his hand would turn the “multitudinous seas incarnadine”. His heartfelt wish was that the knocking could “Wake Duncan” sowing how deeply he regrets over the murder and the fact that he had actually committed one badly affects him. Macbeth’s conscience speaks using his imagination, by making Macbeth imagine voices, images and thoughts like the red oceans to successfully make him feel guilty.
best of luck to all dancers for lit and chinese!!! 死也要拼出来！！！
hello hello=)
mrswang here!
although i'm kinda late but ya..i'm here to upload some lit notes!=))
i dont know if you girls have this or not but i'll just post it here!
IRONY~
Act 1 Scene 3
1) ROSS (addressing Macbeth)
And, for an earnest of a greater honour,
He bade me, from him, call thee thane of Cawdor:
In which addition, hail, most worthy thane!
For it is thine.
irony:
Macbeth’s appearance as a courageous soldier of king Duncan, a hero. In reality, he is a traitor. Macbeth given title of Thane of Cawdor; the previous Thane of Cawdor was a traitor. Macbeth is ironically succeeding a position tainted by the traitorship and becomes a traitor himself.
2) LADY MACBETH
Come, thick night,
And pall thee in the dunnest smoke of hell,
That my keen knife see not the wound it makes,
Nor heaven peep through the blanket of the dark,
To cry 'Hold, hold!'
irony:
Lady Macbeth is praying for divine intervention to help her commit the crime. A prayer is usually understood to be an appeal to the divine good but here, she is ironically appealing to evil spirits. Lady Macbeth calls upon evil spirits to desensitize her so that she may commit to the murder. She wants the evil spirits to strip her of the conscience. She succeeds in the cold heartedly committing the crime as desired, but ironically, her success does not immunize her against the wave of her conscience. It still spirals her into a spiritual and mental torture when the burden of the crime weighs upon her.
3) LADY MACBETH (speaking to Macbeth)
and you shall put
This night's great business into my dispatch;
Which shall to all our nights and days to come
Give solely sovereign sway and masterdom.
irony:
Lady Macbeth tell Macbeth to entrust her with planning the crime, showing her criminal will. However, when it comes to the killing itself, she is ironically unable to commit it as she cannot summon her criminal will, claiming that King Duncan resembled her father. Lady Macbeth has called for an alliance with evil spirits before this and she believes that the witches’ prophecies will bring them joy. Here, she is going to plan the murder and she is projecting that their days and night henceforth from the murder will be different; that of glory, luxury and power. However, the irony of her statement is that their days are indeed different after the crimes; they are miserable and suffering from mental agony- the exact of what they had desired.
These deeds must not be thought
After these ways; so, it will make us mad.
irony:
You do unbend your noble strength, to think
So brainsickly of things.
A little water clears us of this deed:
How easy is it, then!
irony:
Lady Macbeth dismissed a paranoia in Act 2 scene 2 by telling him that after they wash their hands of Duncan’s blood, no one will know that they were the murderers. Her attitude towards the murder was pragmatic, and concerned only about getting rid of the physical consequences. However, in act 5 scene 1, her spiritual and mental agony manifests when she repeats the act of washing her hands obsessively; showing starkly that the taint of a murder is never “easy” to be rid of.
one heart, one mind,one dance
Monday, August 11, 2008
Hey all.
i have edited some of htet maw's pics a little...
the darker ones:D
haha, enjoy:D
jiayou for common tests!!!
and FYEs FYI are coming in 36 days (apporximately)
study hard!
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one heart, one mind,one dance